Morning Poster Session Ovulatory Shifts In Human Female Ornamentation: Near Ovulation, Women Dress To Impress Martie G. Haselton, University of California Los Angeles Mina Mortezaie, University of California Los Angeles Elizabeth G. Pillsworth, University of California Los Angeles April Bleske-Rechek, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire David A. Frederick, University of California Los Angeles Humans differ from many other primates in the apparent absence of obvious advertisements of fertility within the ovulatory cycle. Using a sample of 30 partnered women photographed at high and low fertility cycle phases, we show that readily-observable behaviors – self-grooming and ornamentation – increase during the fertile phase of the ovulatory cycle. At above-chance levels, male (n=17) and female (n=25) judges selected photographs of women in their fertile rather than luteal phase as "trying to look more attractive." The closer women were to ovulation when photographed in the fertile window, the more frequently their high fertility photograph was chosen. Evidence suggests that women’s faces and body scents become subtly more attractive near ovulation. Thus, these findings may indicate that women are sensitive to these changes in themselves and feel inclined to display their physical attributes; it also is possible that women are advertising their attractiveness to attract a desirable extra-pair mate. Two Opposing Consequences Of Males’ Greater Level Of Sexual Interest On The Misperception Of Sexual Interest Bryan Koenig, New Mexico State University Lee Kirkpatrick, College of William and Mary Timothy Ketelaar, New Mexico State University In two on-line studies members of opposite-sex friendship dyads indicated their sexual and romantic interests in their friend and their perceptions of their friend’s sexual and romantic interest in them. Results demonstrated 2 opposing effects of sex on the misperception of sexual interest. First, a perceiver-projection effect resulted from participants projecting their own level of sexual interest onto their opposite-sex friend. Males projected their higher levels of sexual interest onto females, resulting in overperception. Females projected their lower levels of sexual interest onto males, leading to underperception. Holding perceiver level of sexual interest constant revealed the second effect of sex, the sex-of-target effect, which may have resulted from participant knowledge that males have more sexual interest than do females. That is, females assumed male targets had high levels of sexual interest, thus overperceiving. Males assumed female targets had low levels of sexual interest, resulting in underperception. The perceiver-projection effect most likely reflects an evolved cognitive bias that can be explained in terms of functional projection (Maner et al., 2005) and error management theory (Haselton and Buss, 2000), whereas the sex-of-target effect probably reflects socially acquired knowledge that, in general, males have more sexual interest than do females. Dealing With Uncertainty In Resources: Simple Rules For Human Foraging Behavior Andreas Wilke, MPI Human Development Peter M. Todd, Indiana University John M. C. Hutchinson, MPI Human Development Animals in heterogeneous environments, where resources are distributed in patches, are required not only to make decisions on where to forage, but also on how long to forage in a particular patch before moving on to the next one. The Marginal Value Theorem states that the optimal strategy is to leave a patch when the instantaneous rate of return from the current patch falls below the long-term mean return rate. The MVT has been successful in predicting animal behaviors, but as a mechanism it is problematic because animals may be uncertain about the mean return rate in the environment and foraging usually is not continuous but rather involves a succession of discrete stochastic events. Simple decision mechanisms have been proposed as models of animal patch departure, each working well in a particular type of environment. Here, we study the mechanisms that underlie human foraging behavior and test whether the strategies proposed for animal patch-leaving also underlie human decision-making. We present data from an experiment in which subjects were given a virtual landscape in which they had to forage for fish in ponds (i.e. patches) and decide when to switch to a new pond. All ponds appeared equal, but the number of fish in each varied according to three different resource distributions. Our results demonstrate that people use patch-leaving rules that are ecologically rational with respect to the kind of resource distributions that may have held under ancestral conditions. Sex Differences In Exercise Behavior Follow Patterns Of Self-Enhancement For Intrasexual Competition Peter Jonason, New Mexico State University Researchers have found that males and females pursue sex-appropriate strategies to attract mates. Research in intrasexual competition has focused on verbal derogation of competitors and verbal self-enhancement but has almost completely ignored other potential strategies for competition. One of these strategies may be exercise behavior. Based on intrasexual competition, males should be more likely to enact behaviors to look larger, whereas females should be more likely to enact behaviors to look smaller. The types of exercises they each perform should reflect this. This study showed that male participants focused their energy trying to gain muscle mass and to enhance their upper body definition. Female participants, on the other hand, focused their energy trying to lose weight and on their lower body. Both sexes reported efforts to improve their abdominal region. It appears that males and females adopt sex-appropriate exercise behavior as a method of self-enhancement for intrasexual competition. Perceived Interdependence, Social Bonds, And High-Cost Altruism Michael Brown, Pacific Lutheran University Stephanie Brown, University of Michigan Selective Investment Theory (Brown & Brown, in press) holds that a primary evolutionary function of social bonds is to facilitate high-cost altruism. Major predictions of the theory are: (a) social bonds should be based on perceived interdependence, and (b) bonds should mediate between interdependence and the motivation to engage in high-cost altruism. We tested these predictions over the course of two studies with university students. In Study 1 (N = 181) participants were asked to list each of their parents, siblings, friends, and romantic partners. Participants were then asked to rate how closely they felt bonded to each relationship target, how much they depend on each, and how much each target depends on them. A measure of interdependence was constructed from the two dependence items, with maximal interdependence reflected by a score of 0, dependence on others by negative scores, and being depended on by others by positive scores. For parents, siblings, and friends, regression analyses showed that interdependence predicted bond strength significantly in a curvilinear (inverted U-shaped) manner, as hypothesized. Study 2 (N = 144) sampled the same relationship categories as Study 1, and included the same measure of bond strength. However, unlike Study 1, Study 2 used a different (direct) measure of perceived interdependence, and a measure of high-cost altruistic motivation. Regression analyses showed that, for each relationship category, bond strength partially mediated the relationship between interdependence and altruistic motivation, as hypothesized. Results of both studies support the utility of an evolutionary approach to understanding close relationships. Observe And Wonder: A Dual Process Approach Towards Sex Differences In Mating Preferences Ischa van Straaten, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen Rutger C. M. E. Engels, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen Rob W. Holland, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen Catrin Finkenauer, Free University, Amsterdam Ample studies have pointed out sex differences regarding the importance of attractiveness (for men) and social status (for women) in potential mates. Much evidence has derived from studies using vignettes or surveys, but few studies have looked at real-time social interactions. Therefore, differences between unconscious (largely innate) and conscious (partially normative) preferences remain unclear. The current study investigated whether sex differences in explicit partner preferences also emerge in automatic behavior towards opposite sex partners. This type of behavior is largely without conscious control and therefore reasoned to be more subject to innate impulses. In an observational experiment, a pub-like lab was used to create a naturalistic setting. 125 single participants interacted with a confederate of the opposite sex. Attractiveness and social status of the confederate were manipulated. Mimicry (automatic behavior positively correlated with interpersonal liking) was observed during the 20-minute interaction and reliably coded by trained observers. Afterwards, participant’s explicit behavioral intentions towards the confederate (i.e. dating) were assessed. As expected, men showed a strong preference for attractive women and women a preference for high-status males. Men’s preference for attractive women was visible in both mimetic behavior and explicit intentions (i.e. to date). In contrast, women’s preference for high-status males was only visible in mimetic behavior, but not in explicit intentions. This suggests that women’s automatic behavior does not correspond to their explicit preferences. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for a dual process of innate impulses on the one hand, and culturally embedded, normative behavior on the other hand. Tendencies Towards Underhelping Following A Mild Provocation: A Behavioural Investigation Into The Nature Of Revenge Between Strangers Versus Intimates Alishia Alibhai, University of Calgary Susan Boon, University of Calgary The purpose of this study was to provide a direct behavioural measure of whether people would be more or less likely to seek revenge against a romantic partner or a stranger following a provocation. Dating couples attended the sessions and were led to believe they were playing two computer games either with their own romantic partner or a stranger. In actuality, all participants played both games with a pre-programmed computer. Crossed with the manipulation of game playing partner, half of the participants were provoked in the first game and the other half were not. The second game provided participants with an opportunity to retaliate in the form of an "underhelping" behaviour. Specifically, participants could decide how many hints to offer their partner when the partner asked for assistance in an object-use-generating game. Regardless of who they believed their game partner was, provoked participants retaliated to a greater extent (i.e., gave fewer hints and hints of poorer quality and charged their partners more for these hints) than not provoked participants. Independent of whether they were provoked or not, participants were less likely to underhelp their romantic partners than strangers. This study demonstrated that intimates and strangers indeed get even with each other, that people are just as likely to get even with strangers as their romantic partners, and that compared to strangers, romantic partners are more generous with each other. Theoretical implications of these findings will be discussed. Loving Lies Or Self Deception? Perspective Differences In What Motivates Lie Telling Between Romantic Partners Anne Gordon, Bowling Green State University Mary Kaplar, Bowling Green State University Having overly positive self-views may help convince potential friends, coalition members, or mates of your worth. Thus, from an evolutionary perspective positive illusions about the self are considered adaptive. We predicted that participants would consider lies that they told to be more altruistically motivated than lies that were told to them. Participants described and provided judgments about a time when they lied to a former romantic partner and a time when a former romantic partner lied to them. Results indicated that individuals in the role of lie teller were more likely than individuals in the role of lie receiver to construe the lies as having been motivated by concern for the lie receiver and a desire to avoid upsetting and hurting the lie receiver. Thus, the perception that a lie was motivated by kindness and concern was linked to the role of lie teller rather than the role of lie receiver. According to Trivers (2002), "the hallmark of self-deception in the service of deceit is the denial of deception, the unconscious running of selfish and deceitful ploys, the creation of a public persona as an altruist . . ." (p. 276). We consider lie tellers' tendency to construe their lies as altruistically motivated as a form of self-deception. By not being aware of the selfish underpinnings of their deceptions, people can confidently and "honestly" assert that their lies are altruistically motivated and that they are kind and loving rather than selfish and untrustworthy. Social Comparison And Decision Making With Respect To Risk-Taking Rachael Falcon, University of New Mexico Research has shown that people value wealth not only in absolute terms, but also partly based on how their wealth compares to the wealth of those around them (McClintock & McNeel, 1966; Frank, 1985). From an evolutionary perspective, this strategy makes sense in many contexts because selection operates on relative outcomes. Prior research has not established whether people are motivated to be better off than others or simply to prevent others from being better off than them. This study examined this issue. Participants could take a sure outcome (a set amount of 5, 6, or 7 dollars) or risk an uncertain outcome by rolling a die (with outcomes averaging $5.50). Half viewed another participant receive an amount equal to the sure outcome; no social context was provided to the other half. If people seek outcomes better than others', they should take the risk in the social comparison condition. If people try to prevent others from getting outcomes better than their own, they should avoid risks in the social condition, particularly when their chances of doing better are low. Results showed that, when the fixed payoff was low ($5) participants in the social comparison condition were more likely to take the risk than those without a social comparison. When the fixed payoff was high ($7) Participants in the social comparison condition were less likely to take the risk than those without a social comparison. From Envy To Jealousy: Status, Attractiveness, And Gender Differences Sarah E. Hill, University of Texas Caitlin A. J. Powell, University of Kentucky David M. Buss, University of Texas Richard H. Smith, University of Kentucky Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that jealousy is an adaptation that is elicited when individuals perceive a threat to their romantic relationships, whether real or imagined (Buss, 2000; Buunk & Dijkstra, 2000; Daly, Wilson, & Weghorst, 1982). Conversely, envy is hypothesized to have been shaped by selection to facilitate successful social competition. The current study explores the relationship between and jealousy from the evolutionary perspective. In the study, 386 undergraduate participants (157 males, 229 females) read a series of imagined scenarios involving a same-gendered target. In the first scenario, the target was portrayed as being either high or low in status, and either high or low in attractiveness. Participants then read subsequent scenarios, where the target interacted with the participant’s romantic partner. In the final scenario, participants imagined that they saw the target kissing their romantic partner. Participants rated their levels of envy and jealousy after each scenario. As expected, there were no effects for jealousy toward the target in scenario 1 (romantic partner absent), but there were effects for envy: high status people were envied more than low status people in general, and attractive females were envied more than unattractive females. There were effects for jealousy in the subsequent scenarios (romantic partner present, interacting with target, and kissing target). Males were most jealous toward targets with high status and low attractiveness, while females were most jealous toward targets with high status and high attractiveness. Preliminary results support the notion that envy and jealousy are positively related, but experienced under different circumstances. Gender Differences In Social Dominance Orientation: Explorations Of A Social Role Interpretation Jim Sidanius, University of California Los Angeles Arnold K. Ho, University of California Los Angeles Using a large sample of university students and a random sample of adults from Los Angeles County, this study tests some of the implications of the social role explanation of the robust male/female difference in social dominance orientation (SDO). Using the logic of the social role perspective, in Study 1 it was expected that the male/female difference in SDO would be moderated by endorsement of traditional gender roles such that gender differences in SDO would vary with increasing endorsement of traditional gender roles. In Study 2 and following Eagly et al.’s (2004) recent study of gender differences as a function of parental role, it was expected that male/female differences in SDO would be larger for those serving as parents and thus as care-takers, than for those not serving in these social roles. While there were consistent male/female differences in SDO, the evidence was not found to be consistent with the social role interpretation of these differences. Afternoon Poster Session Evolutionary Theory’s Increasing Role In Personality And Social Psychology Gregory Webster, University of Colorado at Boulder Has the emergence of evolutionary psychology had an increasing impact on published personality and social psychological research over the past two decades? If so, is its growing influence substantially different from that of other emerging psychological fields? These questions were addressed in the present study by conducting a content analysis of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP) from 1985 to 2004 using the PsycINFO online abstract database. Specifically, keywords searches for "evol*" or "Darwin*" revealed that the percentage of JPSP articles drawing on evolutionary theory remains small, but increased significantly between 1985 and 2004. To compare the growing impact of evolutionary psychology with other psychological fields, similar keywords searches were performed in JPSP for five other emerging areas: emotion and motivation, judgment and decision making, neuroscience and psychophysiology, stereotyping and prejudice, and terror management theory. The increase in evolutionary theory in JPSP was virtually equal to the mean increase across the other five areas. Thus, evolutionary psychology has played an increasing role in shaping personality and social psychological research for the past 20 years, and is growing at a rate consistent with other emerging psychological fields. The potential benefits of integrating evolutionary, personality, and social psychological approaches to the study of human behavior are discussed. Not All Social Exclusion Is Created Equal: Qualitatively Distinct Responses To Different Types Of Social Exclusion Theresa Robertson, University of California Santa Barbara Andrew Delton, University of California Santa Barbara Stanley Klein, University of California Santa Barbara Exclusion from social relationships is universally practiced and is universally painful. From an evolutionary perspective, however, there should be qualitatively distinct motivations for humans to exclude others (e.g. indications that another is a poor exchange partner, indications that another is infected with a pathogen). We hypothesize that the qualitatively distinct exclusion mechanisms in the minds of excluders have led to co-evolution such that excludees have qualitatively distinct exclusion-response mechanisms. Different exclusions call for different responses. To test this, the present study examined responses to exclusion from a coalition for one of five reasons: intentionally failing to contribute (free-riding), unintentionally failing to contribute (temporary lack of resources), interfering with group coordination, parasite infection, or betraying the group (thinking about joining a competing group). Participants were asked to rate to what extent they would feel several emotions in that situation and to list tactics they would use to regain acceptance in the group. Different types of exclusion led to qualitatively distinct patterns of emotions and behavioral tactics. Are Free Riders Defined By Long-Term Under-Contribution Or By An Adaptive Logic? Andrew Delton, University of California Santa Barbara Theresa Robertson, University of California Santa Barbara Leda Cosmides, University of California Santa Barbara John Tooby, University of California Santa Barbara Humans in every known society cooperate in coalitions. This type of cooperation is always open to the threat of free riders—those individuals who under-contribute while still enjoying the benefit produced by the coalition. For coalitional cooperation to persist over evolutionary time-scales, the free rider problem must be solved. As part of a solution to the free rider problem, we hypothesize that the mind contains computational procedures for assigning agents to the category of free rider. But what defines the category free rider? An evolutionary psychological approach suggests that individuals should be assigned to this category when they appear to have a psychological design for free riding, not when they merely under-contribute. In line with this hypothesis, in previous research we showed that free riders are defined by an intention to under-contribute, not under-contribution per se. But the previous research raises another important question: Do intentions to under-contribute really define the category of free rider, or are intentions just one of many possible cues for a long-term tendency to under-contribute? Results from the present experiment show that intentions are not just a proxy for long-term contribution level: Although individuals who intentionally under-contribute are assigned to the free rider category, individuals who under-contribute due to long-standing inability elicit a qualitatively different set of reactions inconsistent with being free riders. The computational procedures that categorize individuals as free riders are not based on objective payoffs and contributions, but follow an adaptive logic all their own. The Psychology Of Sexual Victimization: Perceived Costs And Strategies Of Prevention Carin Perilloux, University of Texas at Austin Joshua D. Duntley, Florida Institute of Technology David M. Buss, University of Texas at Austin Rape is pervasive across cultures and has been a recurrent adaptive problem for women throughout human history. Although some aspects of the psychological and physical consequences of rape have been enumerated, the full range of costs (e.g., damage to reputation and existing mateships) and the strategies for preventing or defending against rape have not been deeply explored. The current research studied fifty-nine female victims of attempted or completed rape. Women provided quantitative evaluations of costs and qualitative descriptions of their most memorable sexual victimization. They also rated and nominated strategies they believed either prevented, or would have prevented, being sexually victimized. In support of evolutionary hypotheses, participants indicated that circumvention of mate choice and the sexual components of the rape were the most upsetting aspects of the victimization. As predicted, women suffered a perceived reduction in mate value and self-esteem. The strategies women identified as most effective in rape prevention included avoiding social situations that probabilistically lead to coercion, remaining sober, and being wary of men’s deceptive strategies. Several hypotheses proposed by Thornhill & Palmer’s Specialized Pain theory were also tested, including: (1) women with partners should experience rape as more costly than single women and (2) women whose rape includes physical violence should view the rape as less costly than women experiencing no harm. Our data support for the first, but not the second hypothesis. Discussion focuses on the evolved design features of female defenses to solve the adaptive problems associated with rape. Kinship As A Primitive Dimension Encoded By The Psychological Architecture For Social Categorization Robert Oum, University of Hawaii Debra Lieberman, University of Hawaii Cognitive programs guiding categorization take advantage of regularities in the social environment to make inferences that would have impacted survival and reproduction over our species’ evolutionary history. Social psychologists have found a handful of dimensions used to automatically categorize others: sex, age, and coalition, among others. Knowledge of specific kin groups would have generated important sets of inferences (e.g., who is likely to aid another, who is likely to avoid another as a mate, etc.) that would guide behavior accordingly. To determine whether kinship is automatically encoded by the psychological architecture, a study was designed utilizing the "Who said what" paradigm using verbal cues of kinship. Kinship conditions were also crossed with sex, age, and coalition to test if kinship can be simultaneously encoded along with other dimensions. Our results suggest that kinship is indeed a unique dimension encoded by the psychological architecture for social categorization. On The Default Assumption Of Monitoring And Sanctioning Behind Japanese Collectivism: A View From The Social Institutional Analysis And Error Management Theory Kosuke Takemura, Hokkaido University Masaki Yuki, Hokkaido University Ann C. Rumble, The Ohio State University Marilynn B. Brewer, The Ohio State University Hiroki Horikawa, Hokkaido University Contrary to the popular view of culture which emphasizes internalized value/preferences, there is an emerging perspective that culture is an equilibrium between both social structure/systems and individual behaviors/cognitive processes that are adaptive under such social structures. Along this line, some researchers have suggested that so-called "collectivistic" behavior among Japanese is sustained under the group-level system of monitoring and sanctioning (MS) free riders (e.g. Yamagishi, 1988). By elaborating this further from the perspective of error management theory, we hypothesize that Japanese will possess default behavioral and psychological tendencies to cooperate with the ingroup when the existence of MS is ambiguous, because cooperation is the safer option. When it is made clear that MS does not exist, however, Japanese cease to cooperate. This principle, however, will not be applied to group behavior of Americans. Seventy six Japanese and fifty seven American undergraduate students twice played a public goods game in a 3-person laboratory group. They were asked to decide how much to give to the ingroup from their personal assets (400 Japanese yen or 3.00 US dollars), which would be doubled and divided equally among the members. Between the two trials, participants in the ‘MS-absence-emphasized’ condition were made aware that MS was non-existent. No such emphasis was made in the control condition. As predicted, Japanese with higher ingroup identity decreased cooperation from the first to second trial significantly more in the MS-absence-emphasized condition than in the control condition. Japanese low-identifiers and Americans did not change their cooperation regardless of the manipulation. The Measurement Of Human Mating Strategies: Replication And Extension Of The Three-Factor Model Jenée James Jackson, University of Arizona Daniel J. Kruger, University of Michigan In contrast to previous research using the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI) as a bipolar measure of long-term (restricted) versus short-term (unrestricted) mating, Jackson and Kirkpatrick (2005) have shown that individual variation in mating strategy is best conceptualized and measured as a multidimensional construct, which not only distinguishes mating psychology from mating behaviors, but measures long-term and short-term mating psychology as two distinct dimensions. In Study 1, we provide a replication of their three-factor model with the use of confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 is currently in progress. Its aim is to establish the construct validity (convergent and discriminant) of the long-term and short-term mating orientation measures developed by Jackson and Kirkpatrick. For this study, three-hundred participants at the University of Arizona will be asked to complete various measures of personality, sexuality, and pro-relationship behavior. Results and discussion will focus on the validity and usefulness of a multidimensional measure of mating strategy. An Experimental Examination Of Differential Demand For Scandalous News Tim Groeling, University of California Los Angeles Martie Haselton, University of California Los Angeles Matt Baum, University of California Los Angeles Scholars, journalists and pundits (e.g., Patterson 2000, Kalb 1998, Kurtz 1994, Sabato et al. 2000) have decried the increasing "tabloidization" of the news media in general, and, in particular, the rise of scandal-filled coverage of the personal lives of politicians, from Gary Hart, to Bill Clinton, to Gary Condit. However, previous studies have failed to take into account the possibility that sensationalized news might affect different types of consumers differently. Building on recent work in evolutionary psychology, we predict that there should be substantial gender differences in demand for "tabloid" news. Specifically, we argue that viewers are motivated to seek out negative information about potential intrasexual competitors, even when those competitors are "virtual" competitors appearing in mass media. Therefore, we predict that male viewers should be disproportionately likely to seek out information that damages the power and status of male competitors, while female viewers should seek information that diminishes the apparent attractiveness of female competitors. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a news menu experiment in which participants were asked to select and read the two most interesting stories from a menu of six headlines. The experiment (n=2063) was a 2 (Gender of viewer) X 2 (Gender of competitor) X 2 (Party affiliation of competitor) design, in which each group saw one of the headlines promoting a DUI arrest of an attractive male or female "rising star" from each of the two political parties. While our results for female respondents were mixed (related to the difficulty in conveying physical attractiveness in the text of a headline), male respondents showed a clear and significant preference for reading negative stories about equivalent male political figures in all treatments. Money, Muscles And Smiles: Inferring Generosity And Physical Dominance From Smiles Timothy Ketelaar, New Mexico State University Brandy Burkett, University of California Santa Barbara Bryan Koenig, New Mexico State University Mark Davis University of West Alabama Previous research suggests that naïve observers perceive individuals with smiling faces as more generous and trustworthy, but also as less dominant and strong, compared to non-smiling faces (Ketelaar, Tost, Russell, & Davis, 2005; Scharlman, Eckel, Kacelnick, & Wilson, 1999). In two separate studies, we examined whether these self-report findings generalize to non-self-report indicators of strategically relevant traits associated with cooperativeness and physical dominance. In study one, the predicted association between smiling and generosity was examined in an economic decision-task in which participants were asked to divide $11 with a partner. Participants were first videotaped while they received positive performance feedback just prior to being asked to distribute the $11 with their partner. Analyses employing both naïve raters and trained Facial Action Coders revealed that individuals who smiled during the positive feedback were significantly more likely to give a generous offer to their partner, compared to individuals who did not smile. In a second study the hypothesized inverse association between smiling and physical dominance was examined. A large group of naïve observers viewed photos depicting the faces of college football players previously categorized as small, medium or large in terms of their relative height and weight. Consistent with predictions, the smallest football players were rated as smiling more often than the largest football players, suggesting that physical prowess is inversely related to the propensity to smile. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding individual differences in emotional displays as indicators of strategic personality types (Ketelaar, 2004, 2005). Measuring Three Dimensions Of Dominance In Attraction Research Amanda L. Mahaffey, University of Colorado Gregory D. Webster, University of Colorado Angela Bryan, University of Colorado Research on desirable characteristics in a romantic partner often appeals to the construct of "dominance" as a feature of men that is particularly attractive to women, yet there is no clear consensus on the definition of this construct. Some studies construe dominance as financial status, while others focus primarily on features of social dominance. Some use male physical size to define dominance, and a few simply use the descriptor "dominant" to capture the dimension. It is important to understand whether these three different operationalizations of dominance are simply different ways of describing the same underlying dimension, or whether they are three distinct facets of female attraction to males. We proposed that social dominance, physical dominance, and financial dominance are distinct dimensions of the dominance trait, and that each of these three factors plays a unique role in mate choices. In the laboratory, we have successfully distinguished between these dimensions by developing a scale to measure these three distinct dimensions of dominance. Principal components analyses of the items suggested a three-factor solution. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with the 5 highest loading items on each construct demonstrated a three-factor model with good fit (X(21), 87 = 176; CFI = .993; RMSEA = .058). In a subsequent study, we validated our scale in a mate-selection paradigm. Both physical and social dominance have an affect on women’s mate choices, but there is no clear pattern for men. These results and future directions will be discussed. Aversion to Bodily Penetration: A Psychological Adaptation for Avoiding Pathogens Joshua M Tybur, University of New Mexico To gather information and nutritional resources from our environment and to jettison waste materials, humans (and other animals) have evolved several orifices (e.g., eyes, nostrils, mouths, anuses) that provide a link between the exterior environment and the interior physical self. Although orifices serve vital functions, their existence renders the body vulnerable to pathogens that would otherwise be expelled by the skin, which in this context acts as micro-parasite resisting armor. Orifices' dual nature as essential entities for our survival and vulnerable gateways for fitness-impairing pathogens is reflected in our disparate reactions toward bodily penetration; certain penetrating acts (e.g., eating a fine meal) elicit strongly positive reactions whereas other penetrating acts (e.g., realizing you've rubbed your eye with a contaminated finger) elicit strongly negative reactions. The current study explores the hypothesis that aversion to bodily penetration is a psychological adaptation for avoiding pathogen acquisition. Further, because the fitness costs of liberally false-alarming to infection risks would be low relative to the benefits of avoiding infection from seemingly clean vectors, ABP should be related to disease-avoidance regardless of the objective infection risk of the penetrating act. Results from the current study confirm this hypothesis.